Epidemiology

Answer the following questions: Define the following groups of terms: Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention Prepathogenesis and pathogenesis How does screening for disease align with the three levels of prevention – primary, secondary and tertiary? Define the following terms that are related to screening tests: Reliability and validity Sensitivity and Specificity Predictive value (+) and predictive value (-) What are the most appropriate applications of mass screening and selective screening? Give one example each of a mass screening test and a selective screening test. How could screening performed in conjunction with disease surveillance contribute to the alleviation of work-related hazardous exposures? What is meant by overdiagnosis? Conduct a web search for “whole body scans”. They are CT scans of the entire body and are promoted as a method for early detection of abnormalities. Using your own ideas, construct a list of the advantages and disadvantages of whole body scans and reach a conclusion. To what extent are whole body scans related to the issue of overdiagnosis? Why is newborn screening important for public health practice? Give examples of programs for newborn screening. What is a method used for developmental screening? At what ages is developmental screening most relevant? Calculate the specificity, sensitivity, predictive value (+), and predictive value (-) using the following data: Disease Present Disease Absent Screening Test (+) 59 12 Screening Test (-) 18 189 11. Describe methods of screening for each of the following conditions: Breast cancer Colon cancer Type 2 Diabetes Elevated lipid levels Hypertension HIV Genetic screening (BRCA gene