Pathology & Clinical Science (Naturopathic/Nutrition perspective)-Pathology Case Studies

A 750 +/- 10% words each case study, 1500 +/- words total sources can be modern textbooks, research papers, academic websites I will provide full assessment details. ANSWER QUESTIONS TO BOTH CASE STUDIES CASE STUDY: A Word count 750 words (including in-text citations) Joe is a 55 year old carpenter. While having his annual eye examination, the optometrist detected some abnormalities on Joe’s retinas that he felt required further investigation. He has been referred to his GP. Joe visited his GP the next day. On examination, Joe’s blood pressure was very high. The GP tells Joe that his high blood pressure could lead to cardiovascular disease. On questioning by the GP, Joe informed him that he has been very stressed at work for the past year. Social History: Smokes: 10 – 15 cigarettes/ day for 30 years. Alcohol: 6 – 7 standard drinks on Friday and Saturday nights. 3 – 4 standard drinks on week days. Family History: Father passed away at age 52 following a heart attack. Mother passed away at age 60. Suffered from hypertension. Medical History: Diabetes mellitus – Takes Metformin 500mgs twice daily. Sleep apnoea – Connected to a CPAP machine to sleep at night. Surgical History: Bilateral inguinal hernias – both repaired 7 years ago. Lacerated left hand from a work injury – microsurgical repair 3 years ago. Eye examination: Eye examination revealed optic disc oedema, cotton wool spots, flame haemorrhages, dot blot haemorrhages, arteriovenous nicking, and exudates. Vital signs: Test Joe’s Results Normal range Blood pressure 190/120 mm of Hg (100/60 – 135/85) mm of Hg For this age group Pulse rate 90 per minute 60-80 per minute (resting pulse) Respiratory rate 20 per minute, dyspnea 12-16 per minute Temperature 36.9 ˚C 36.6 – 37.2 ˚C Weight 128kgs 70 – 90kg Height 181cm Body Mass Index 39.1 18.5 – 24.9 Questions: 1. List the signs and symptoms that Joe is presenting with along with other information from his clinical history that is relevant to his condition. 2. Joe’s blood pressure is very high. Identify six (6) factors in his history and clinical presentation that could be contributing factors to his hypertension? 3. Briefly explain any four (4) possible complications that might arise as a result of high blood pressure. 4. Describe in detail the pathogenesis of primary/ essential hypertension. 5. High blood pressure can have very adverse effects on many organs of the body. Name five (5) investigations that you would order to check for any damage that may have occurred in Joe’s organs. Why would these investigations be helpful? 6. Apart from medical treatment, suggest five (5) strategies that Joe could adopt to help manage his hypertension, and state how these strategies will be helpful