Jack and his friends are still buzzing about robbing a local bus driver last week – what is the extent of the harm and how can it be explained?

Write your answer in essay format, as a series of paragraphs, including a short introduction and conclusion. You may use subheadings, but this is not required. The word limit is 2,500 words, excluding the title and reference list and allowing 10% tolerance. You must use the APA style for citations and referencing. Pay attention to the marking criteria, detailed in the matrix (below). This highlights the need to define key concepts (e.g. including the concept of harm) and to use academic theories and empirical research to support your arguments. The essay must take a critical approach. This means using empirical research to support and challenge academic theory. It also means considering more than one theory and assessing the strengths and weaknesses of each. You are not expected to develop your own critique of academic theories, which can be found in the literature. Lecture and tutorial attendance, together with the required reading, will have prepared you well for this assessment, but you will need to read further around the question topic. Look to the lecture references and the course reading list for relevant sources. Prioritise quality over quantity, which means using academic sources (journals, text books) and official documents (legislation and government guidelines) over news media and generic dictionaries, except when there is a special reason for this. Aim for a minimum of ten sources in your reference list. 1. All submitted work must be word processed and adhere to the following guidelines:

• Text should be Arial font size 11, line spacing 1.5, and paragraphs clearly spaced.

• Please state the number of words used at the end of the assignment and on the cover sheet.

• Assignments more than 10% in excess of the word limit may be penalised. • All work used within the assignment should be appropriately referenced using the APA Referencing System. For guidance on how to reference see: http://libguides.victoria.ac.nz/c.php?g=191240&p=1263543 should be written in essay format. The aim is to develop a convincing argument that considers counter-arguments, by (i) defining key concepts, (ii) identifying harm (not merely crime); (iii) and ways of preventing it; (iv) using theories of causality; (v) and empirical evidence. The word limit for the essay is 2,500 words excluding the reference list (allowing 10% tolerance).